Explanation:   Statement 1:Alvars and Nayanars seem to have initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas. Other historians point that they at least attempted to reform the system.To some extent this is corroborated by the fact that bhaktas hailed from diverse social backgrounds ranging from Brahmanas to artisans and cultivators and even from castes considered “untouchable”. Statement 2 : The compositions of Andal, a woman Alvar, were widely sung. Another woman, Karaikkal Ammaiyar, a devotee of Shiva, adopted the path of extreme asceticism in order to attain her goal.So, 2 is wrong.

Explanation:

Shankara – Advaita

Ramanuja – Vishistadvaita or Qualified oneness

Basavannasvirashaiva movement argued strongly for equality of all human beings and against Brahmanical Ideas about caste and treatment of women.

Explanation:

 

Both are correct statements

Lingayats are members of Hindu Shaivite community which predominantly exists in

Karnataka. Guru Basavanna, a 12th century philosopher, is credited with founding

Lingayatism and its secular practices.

Explanation:

 

Samkhya is an atheistic and strongly dualist theoretical exposition of consciousness and matter. Yoga is a school emphasizing meditation, contemplation and liberation. Nyaya or logic, explores sources of knowledge. Vaisheshika is an empiricist school of atomism. Mimansa is an anti-ascetic and anti-mysticist school of orthopraxy. Vedanta is the last segment of knowledge in the Vedas, or the ‘Jnan’ (knowledge) ‘Kanda’ (section). Vedanta came to be the dominant current of Hinduism in the post-medieval period.

Explanation:

 

Statement 1 is not correct: They did not believe in austerities. They were against the high levels of austerity promoted by Jainism and Buddhism as it was difficult to follow.

Statement 2 is correct: They looked upon religion not as a matter of cold, formal worship but as a living bond based on love between the god and the worshipper.

Statement 3 is correct: They used the language which was common to people. Their hymns were sung in Tamil language, the common language of people, so they were easily understood.

Statement 4 is correct: Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement of protest against the caste system and the dominance of Brahmanas or at least attempted to reform the system.

Explanation:

Name of Tirthankar Mallinath

Explanation:

 

It was the outcome of Jain monks council meeting held in the year of 453 or 466 CE